Inclusion Criteria:

• - - Healthy newborns with a birth weight greater than 2000 grams.

• - Residence in Municipality 8, Piscinola-Scampia.

Exclusion Criteria:

• - - Newborns suffering from severe prematurity.

• - Newborns with congenital malformations.

• - Newborns afflicted by severe diseases.

Detailed Description: The relationship between systemic chronic inflammation and various chronic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, cancer, autoimmune, and inflammatory bowel diseases, is well-recognized. Given the economic impact of these diseases on healthcare systems, a comprehensive strategy for risk prevention is imperative. Diet and intestinal dysbiosis are identified as major triggers for systemic chronic inflammation. The MD, characterized by its anti-inflammatory qualities, has also been noted for its positive effects on gut microbiota. The timing of introducing the MD is critical for fostering a healthy microbiota, with early exposure being advantageous. Furthermore, early dietary experiences are crucial in shaping future food preferences. Evidence suggests that responsive feeding practices, such as baby-led weaning, may offer protection against obesity. While the early introduction of the MD in children remains under-researched, its potential protective role against diseases like celiac and inflammatory bowel diseases has been suggested. The PEMED trial, designed to promote MD nutrition among children in Scampia, represents a groundbreaking approach, utilizing a Bayesian cluster randomized clinical trial and the Italian family pediatrician system. This study is unique in its exploration of introducing natural MD foods during infancy and assessing their impact on the establishment of lasting dietary preferences. It leverages the healthcare infrastructure of the Piscinola-Scampia district in Naples for a population-based Pragmatic Clinical Trial, exceeding traditional research design norms. The study is focused on assessing the impact of the MD on the incidence of diseases, employing a Bayesian adaptive sequential approach to allow for ongoing data analysis and adjustments. The PEMED trial's novel approach, combining the early introduction of the MD, population-based surveillance, and an advanced statistical methodology, is poised to set new benchmarks in pediatric research concerning diet and disease prevention. The trial's objectives include evaluating the impact of the MD on the incidence of pediatric diseases, assessing the development of a 'protective' fecal microbiome, and analyzing the persistence of MD dietary choices in children up to the age of 5 years.

Arms

Placebo Comparator: CONTROLS

Participants in the control arm will undergo a traditional weaning process. This involves primarily the use of industrial baby foods, with a gradual introduction of fresh foods. Legumes will be introduced at around 7-8 months, and fresh fish will be incorporated into the diet after one year of age.

Experimental: Treated

Participants in the experimental arm will follow a Mediterranean Diet (MD) weaning schema. This approach includes exclusively fresh foods that are part of the traditional MD, modified to suit infants. Key elements of this diet include: Seasonal fruit and vegetables, such as broccoli and cauliflower, served as purees from the beginning of weaning. A variety of fresh blue fish (e.g., anchovies, mackerel, flag fish, cod, sole) introduced at 7 months, seasoned with garlic and cherry tomatoes. Use of spices and herbs like thyme, marjoram, rosemary, parsley, garlic, and onion to flavor meals. Exclusion of salt; meals are instead enhanced with 2 g of Parmesan cheese for taste. Avoidance of sweets.

Interventions

Dietary Supplement: - Weaning by Mediterranean Diet

Introduce solid foods typical of the Mediterranean Diet at weaning of infants